Modifiable and Non-Modifiable Risk Factor for Tuberculosis Among Adult in Indonesia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Nindrea, Ricvan Dana and Susanti, Rika and Indika, Pudia M and Maisa, Benny Alexander and Sukma, Muthia and Rosalinda, Linda and Widya, Astri and Taufiqa, Zuhrah and Agustian, Dede Rahman and Fithria, Rahmi and Putri, Nomira and Ningsih, Dianni Arma Wahyu Setia and Lubis, Bella Lucinta Rillova Arif and Mardiah, Ainil and Ezeddin, Maudy Octarini and Linda, Nova and Marisa, Yosa Tamia and Rahmi, Afriyeni Sri and Sari, Anggun Permata and Oktaviana, Mimin and Humani, Flori Puspa and Amsal, Mochammad Fariz (2024) Modifiable and Non-Modifiable Risk Factor for Tuberculosis Among Adult in Indonesia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. African Journal of Infectious Diseases, 18 (2). pp. 19-28.

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Abstract

Background: Controlling tuberculosis (TB) determinant factors in Indonesia is one way to control TB in the community. A review is needed to explore risk factors for TB in Indonesia as the key strategies for accelerating the TB preventive program. The purpose of this review was to determine modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for TB among adults in Indonesia. Materials and Methods: A meta-analysis was undertaken to review current studies related to modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for TB among adults in Indonesia. A search of PubMed, ProQuest, and Google Scholar for related articles published (January 2000 until December 2023). The Pooled Odds Ratio (POR) from the acquired data were calculated with a 95% CI. The fixed and random effect s analysis was performed. The results were presented as forest plots, and Begg’s test and Egger's test were used to examine study bias. Review Manager (RevMan) 5.4 and Stata 14.2 were used to process and analyze all of the data. Results: This study results revealed the POR of non-modifiable risk factor (family history of TB) for TB among adults in Indonesia was 6.08 (95% CI 2.99-12.34). Based on modifiable risk factors, it is known that household contact have the highest POR (6.01, 2.57-14.04), followed by malnutrition (5.86, 2.50-13.69), inappropriate ventilation (5.57, 1.74–17.86), diabetes mellitus (4.92, 3.04-7.96), smoking behavior (3.24, 2.22-4.72), and low-income level (2.34, 1.42-3.87). Conclusion: Based on significant factors that are related to TB incidence, the results of this review may be valuable to the government i n identifying the optimal strategy for TB prevention among adults.

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